Contents Preface to the First Edition xv Preface to the Second Edition xvii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Array Background 1 1.2 Systems Factors 2 1.3 Annotated Reference Sources 3 1.3.1 Adaptive Antenna Reference Books 5 References 5 2 Basic Array Characteristics 7 2.1 Uniformly Excited Linear Arrays 7 2.1.1 Patterns 7 2.1.2 Beamwidth 9 2.1.3 Sidelobes 11 2.1.4 Grating Lobes 11 2.1.5 Bandwidth 15 2.2 Planar Arrays 17 2.2.1 Array Coordinates 17 2.2.2 Beamwidth 18 2.2.3 Grating Lobes: Rectangular Lattice 21 2.2.4 Grating Lobes: Hexagonal Lattice 23 2.3 Beam Steering and Quantization Lobes 25 2.3.1 Steering Increment 25 2.3.2 Steering Bandwidth 26 2.3.3 Time Delay Deployment 27 2.3.4 Phaser Quantization Lobes 28 2.3.5 Sub-array Quantization Lobes 32 2.3.6 QL Decollimation: Overlapped Sub-arrays 35 2.4 Directivity 36 2.4.1 Linear Array Directivity 36 2.4.2 Directivity of Arrays of Short Dipoles 39 2.4.3 Directivity of Arrays of Resonant Elements 40 2.4.4 Planar Array Directivity 42 References 46 3 Linear Array Pattern Synthesis 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.1.1 Pattern Formulations 49 3.1.2 Physics versus Mathematics 51 3.1.3 Taylor Narrow-Beam Design Principles 52 3.2 Dolph–Chebyshev Arrays 53 3.2.1 Half-Wave Spacing 53 3.2.2 Spacing Less Than Half-Wave 59 3.3 Taylor One-Parameter Distribution 60 3.3.1 One-Parameter Design 60 3.3.2 Bickmore–Spellmire Two-Parameter Distribution 65 3.4 Taylor N-Bar Aperture Distribution 66 3.5 Low-Sidelobe Distributions 72 3.5.1 Comparison of Distributions 72 3.5.2 Average Sidelobe Level 75 3.6 Villeneuve N-Bar Array Distribution 76 3.7 Difference Patterns 79 3.7.1 Canonical Patterns 79 3.7.2 Bayliss Patterns 81 3.7.3 Sum and Difference Optimization 85 3.7.4 Discrete Zolotarev Distributions 87 3.8 Sidelobe Envelope Shaping 89 3.9 Shaped Beam Synthesis 92 3.9.1 Woodward–Lawson Synthesis 92 3.9.2 Elliott Synthesis 94 3.10 Thinned Arrays 98 3.10.1 Probabilistic Design 98 3.10.2 Space Tapering 102 3.10.3 Minimum Redundancy Arrays 103 4 Planar and Circula